Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnologie IPT
Fraunhofer IPT manufactures super-lightweight frame for experiments in outer space
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The SpaceX Cargo Dragon space shuttle departed from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida for the International Space Station (ISS) at 2:30 a.m. CET on March 15, 2023. Among others, the shuttle carried an experimental setup that a team of students in the small satellite group KSat e.V. of the University of Stuttgart will use to conduct three experiments. The students were supported by a team from the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT in Aachen, who designed and manufactured the super-light and extremely stable support structures for the experiments.
Mechanical components such as ball bearings, pistons or pumps have a limited service life: They wear out over time and have to be replaced. Space engineers face a major problem with such wear parts because they cannot simply be replaced in space. In three experiments, a team of students from KSat e.V. in Stuttgart will test how mechanical components can be optimized through the use of so-called ferrofluids in zero gravity; ferrofluids are liquids containing tiny magnetic particles. The team will also investigate how the ferrofluids can possibly extend the service life of the components.
Three experiments in a small space
In one of the three experiments, a position control system supported by ferrofluids will be tested: The magnetic fluid is directed by external magnetic fields in such a way that torque is generated. The other two experiments involve an electrical switch and a thermal switch, which the ferrofluids open and close an electrical circuit and a thermal circuit.
The ISS astronauts will install the experimental setup in an experimental cabinet on the space station, where it will remain for about four weeks. Space in the cabinet is very limited: Only a space of 10 x 10 x 20 cubic centimeters was allowed for the box containing the experiments. The experimental setups are mounted on aluminum plates that are screwed into the bottom of the box with threaded rods. To stabilize the construction and protect the experiments, special support structures were also necessary.
Strict demands on component design
The students approached the Fraunhofer IPT with a request to design and manufacture four structural components to stabilize and protect the experimental setup. The requirements were strict: The structural components had to be extremely stable in order to withstand the strong vibrations during flight – especially during launch and re-entry into the earth's atmosphere – and to prevent them from shifting the experiment planes. At the same time, the structure had to be as open as possible to let air circulate and cool the experiments. In addition, the components were not allowed to weigh more than 400 grams in total.
Structural components manufactured additively with minimal post-processing effort
Stefan Gräfe, an additive manufacturing expert at the Fraunhofer IPT, designed several versions of the structural components. Using modeling software, he analyzed the available space and designed components that met all the criteria. He and his team used laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) as the manufacturing process and stainless steel as the material. In LPBF, the powdered material is applied evenly in a very thin layer to a build plate and selectively melted with a directed laser beam. The manufacturing process was an obvious choice because LPBF is the best way to produce both the open areas for air circulation and the hollow structures for weight reduction.
In addition, the researchers pursued another goal: to keep the post-processing effort as low as possible. They designed the components in such a way that they could do without support structures exclusively used for manufacturing, structures that normally have to be cut away afterwards at great expense.
Result significantly better than the specifications
The Fraunhofer team was able to produce the components quickly and easily thanks to the layer-by-layer additive structure of the LPBF process. Subsequently, the components only had to be sawn from the construction plate. In the mechanical workshop of the Fraunhofer IPT, the sawn surfaces were milled off to produce the final height of the components and a smooth surface.
Final measurements revealed that the Fraunhofer team's strategy worked: The support structures weigh only 141 grams in total, far below the specifications required by the students from Stuttgart. The components also passed the stress tests on their stability, which were run at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne. The test setup will now circle the earth for the next few weeks and protect the experiments of the Stuttgart students.
Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionstechnologie IPT
Steinbachstr. 17 52074 Aachen Telefon +49 241 8904-0 Fax +49 241 8904-198 ist eine rechtlich nicht selbstständige Einrichtung der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Hansastraße 27 c 80686 München Internet: www.fraunhofer.de E-Mail: info@zv.fraunhofer.de Redaktion: Susanne Krause M.A. Telefon +49 241 8904-180 susanne.krause@ipt.fraunhofer.de