Technische Universität München
An epigenetic ageing clock in trees - Research on environmental history
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NEWS RELEASE
Research on environmental history: 330-year-old poplar tree tells of its life
An epigenetic ageing clock in trees
Similar to genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, i.e. gene modifications that do not occur on the primary DNA sequence, sometimes arise accidentally in plants and can be transmitted across generations. Using trees as a model, researchers have now shown for the first time that these so-called epimutations accumulate continuously throughout plant development, and that they can be employed as a molecular clock to estimate the age of a tree.
Epigenetic marks do not change the DNA sequence but can affect the activity of genes. "Although in animals, including humans, these marks are believed to be completely reset in gametes, in plants, they can be stably inherited for many generations," says Frank Johannes, Professor of Population Epigenetics and Epigenomics at the Technical University of Munich (TUM), whose research team has been trying to understand how epimutations arise in plant genomes, how stable they are across generations, and whether they can affect important plant characteristics.
Trees are natural epimutation accumulation systems
"Given their extraordinary longevity, trees act as natural epimutation accumulation systems, and therefore offer unique insights into epigenetic processes over long time-scales," says Professor Johannes. Together with co-senior author Professor Robert J. Schmitz (University of Georgia, USA), who is also a Hans Fisher Fellow at the TUM-IAS, he recently published two companion papers on this topic.
In their studies, the team focused on a 330 year-old poplar tree. By comparing DNA methylation (an important epigenetic mark) of leaves from different branches of the tree, they were able to show that epimutations accumulate continuously as a function of the tree's age. The researchers found that the further apart two leaves are from each other, in terms of developmental time, the more dissimilar their DNA methylation patterns are. From this, the researchers were able to conclude that the rate of somatic epimutations is about 10,000 times higher than the genetic mutation rate in this same tree.
An epigenetic ageing clock in trees?
This discovery led to the intriguing insight that epimutations can serve as a kind of molecular clock to determine the age of a tree. "Only some branches had been dated by counting tree rings, but unfortunately not the main stem. We really needed this information for our analysis, so we decided to treat the total age of the tree as an unknown parameter and let the DNA methylation data of the leaves tell us how old the tree is. This gave an estimate of about 330 years," says Professor Johannes.
The estimate later turned out to be consistent with diameter-based dating of the main stem and with other information on the life history of this particular tree. "This was the first indication that there is something like an epigenetic clock in trees."
A window into the past
The team around Professor Johannes is now pursuing the question whether environmental changes that trees experience over their long life-times leave epigenetic signatures that can be read and interpreted to learn something about their past.
"Our goal is to integrate historical environmental data with our epigenetic work. We think this may offer a window into the past which can help us to understand how trees have dealt with specific environmental challenges such as droughts and temperature fluctuations. This type of information may be useful when considering the future, particularly in light of global climate change."
Publications:
Brigitte Hofmeister; Johanna Denkena; Maria Colome-Tatche; Yadollah Shahryary; Rashmi Hazarika; Jane Grimwood; Sujan Mamidi; Jerry Jenkins; Paul Grabowski; Avinash Sreedasyam; Shengqiang Shu; Kathleen Lail; Anna Lipzen; Catherine Adam; Kerrie Barry; Rotem Sorek; David Kudrna; Rod Wing; Talag Jayson; David Hall; Daniel Jacobson; Gerald Tuskan; Jeremy Schmutz; Frank Johannes; Robert J Schmitz: A genome assembly and the somatic genetic and epigenetic mutation rate in a wild long-lived perennial Populus trichocarpa. Genome Biology, 21, 259 (2020). DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02162-5
Yadollah Shahryary; Aikaterini Symeonidi; Rashmi R Hazarika; Johanna Denkena; Talha Mubeen; Brigitte Hofmeister; Thomas van Gurp; Maria Colomé-Tatché; Koen Verhoeven; Gerald Tuskan; Robert J Schmitz; Frank Johannes: AlphaBeta: Computational inference of epimutation rates and spectra from high-throughput DNA methylation data in plants. Genome Biology, 21, 260 (2020). DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02161-6
More Information:
In an ongoing follow-up project, Frank Johannes is working together with Hans Pretzsch, Professor of Forest Growth and Yield Science at the TUM. His department is heading a European beech experiment in the Steigerwald in Central Germany, where individual trees have been closely observed since their first planting in 1870. Detailed growth and climate data are available for these tress. They have now been investigating if and how the developmental history of these trees can be reconstructed using epigenetic measurements.
High resolution images: https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1579177
Contact:
Prof. Dr. Frank Johannes
Technical University of Munich
Professor of Population Epigenetics and Epigenomics
E-Mail: f.johannes@tum.de
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