Technische Universität München
Captured lithium: Neutrons show effective lithium and electrolyte distribution in lithium-ion cells
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NEWS RELEASE
Captured lithium
Neutrons show effective lithium and electrolyte distribution in lithium-ion cells
In our smartphones, our computers and in our electric cars: We use rechargeable lithium-ion batteries everywhere. But their capacity drops after a while. Now a German-American research team has investigated the structure and functionality of these batteries using neutron diffraction: They discovered that the electrolyte fluid's decomposition products capture mobile lithium in the battery and that the distribution of lithium within the cell is surprisingly uneven.
The outstanding characteristics of the lithium-ion battery have changed our everyday lives as only very few other inventions have. However, over time various effects occur which gradually reduce the great storage capability of these batteries.
At the Technical University of Munich’s Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) Dr. Anatoliy Senyshyn, instrument scientist at the high-resolution powder diffractometer SPODI, used neutron scattering to investigate the cause of these effects in cylindrical lithium-ion batteries.
Together with other scientists he is searching for answers to fundamental questions on the structure and behavior of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries: Why does the available capacity drop over time? How is the lithium distributed in the battery?
Why use neutrons to investigate a rechargeable battery?
Observing a lithium-ion cell's interior during charging and discharging, for example the decomposition of the electrolyte or the distribution of the lithium, is very difficult from outside of the cell due to the high reactivity of the cell components with oxygen and air humidity.
Neutrons are particularly sensitive with regard to lighter elements such as hydrogen and lithium. Therefore they can render the lithium inside a cell visible, making investigations possible under actual operational conditions.
Another advantage of working with neutrons is that they can be used in non-destructive testing. Thus for example the researchers can observe internal battery processes from outside without intervening in the delicate system.
Why does battery capacity sink?
Lithium-ion cells produce electricity as lithium atoms release electrons which then flow through a connected device. At the same time, inside the cell a lithium ion moves from one electrode to the other; this means there are always only as many electrons available as there are lithium ions. When the rechargeable battery loses capacity, it can also be said that the lithium "gets lost". But where does it go?
The neutron scattering experiments at the instruments STRESS-SPEC and SPODI indicated a linear relationship between the loss of mobile lithium ions and the decomposition of the electrolyte, which occurs for example as unwanted side reaction during charging.
The products resulting from the electrolyte decomposition trap lithium atoms which are then no longer available as mobile lithium to be exchanged between the two electrodes. As a result, the battery loses capacity: It ages.
How is the lithium distributed?
Until now theoretical models, calculations and measurements usually assume an even distribution of lithium in these batteries. However, the investigations indicate that the lithium is very unevenly distributed from the very beginning; and the inhomogeneity rises over time.
Modelling of lithium-ion cells can be significantly improved when developers take this uneven lithium distribution into account. In addition, statements can be made about the storage ability of the lithium-ion cell based on the lithium distribution. These results are an important basis for making more efficient rechargeable batteries with longer service lives and higher performance in the future.
Publications:
Dominik Petz, Martin J. Mühlbauer, Alexander Schökel, Klaus Achterhold, Franz Pfeiffer, Thilo Pirling, Michael Hofmann, and Anatoliy Senyshyn
Heterogeneity of graphite lithiation in state-of-the-art cylinder-type Li-ion cells
Batteries and Supercaps, Oct. 28, 2020 – DOI: 10.1002/batt.202000178
https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/batt.202000178
M.J. Mühlbauer, D. Petz, V. Baran, O. Dolotko, M. Hofmann, R. Kostecki, A. Senyshyn
Inhomogeneous distribution of lithium and electrolyte in aged Li-ion cylindrical cells
Journal of Power Sources, 475 (2020) 228690 – DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228690
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228690
More information:
The work was funded by the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), the German Research Foundation (DFG), the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Bavaria California Technology Center (BaCaTeC), as well as by the U.S. Department of Energy, as part of its research activities on advanced battery materials.
In addition to scientists at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum and the Technical University of Munich Department of Physics, researchers from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Iowa State University's Ames Laboratory (USA) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) were also involved in the publication.
The measurements were carried out at the Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Research Neutron Source (FRM II) of the Technical University of Munich, the Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble (France) and at the German Electron Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg.
High resolution images:
https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1596251
Contact:
Dr. Anatoliy Senyshyn
Research Neutron Source Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) and
Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ)
Technical University of Munich
Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
Tel.: +49 89 289-14316
E-Mail: anatoliy.senyshyn@frm2.tum.de
Web: https://www.frm2.tum.de – https://mlz-garching.de/englisch.html
SPODI: https://mlz-garching.de/spodi/
STRESS-SPEC: https://mlz-garching.de/stress-spec/
The Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) is a leading center for cutting-edge research with neutrons and positrons. Operating as a user facility, the MLZ offers a unique suite of high-performance neutron scattering instruments. This cooperation involves the Technical University of Munich, the Forschungszentrum Jülich and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht. The MLZ is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, together with the Bavarian State Ministry of Science and the Arts and the partners of the cooperation. The Technical University of Munich (TUM) is one of Europe’s leading research universities, with around 600 professors, 45,000 students, and 10,000 academic and non-academic staff. Its focus areas are the engineering sciences, natural sciences, life sciences and medicine, combined with economic and social sciences. TUM acts as an entrepreneurial university that promotes talents and creates value for society. In that it profits from having strong partners in science and industry. It is represented worldwide with the TUM Asia campus in Singapore as well as offices in Beijing, Brussels, Mumbai, San Francisco, and São Paulo. Nobel Prize winners and inventors such as Rudolf Diesel, Carl von Linde, and Rudolf Mößbauer have done research at TUM. In 2006, 2012, and 2019 it won recognition as a German "Excellence University." In international rankings, TUM regularly places among the best universities in Germany. www.tum.de