New machine learning model describes dynamics of cell development
From their birth through to their death, cells lead an eventful existence. Thanks to single-cell genomics, their destiny in large cell populations can now be analyzed. However, this method destroys the cell, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the dynamics of cell development. In order to address this problem, researchers at the Helmholtz Zentrum München and the University of Massachusetts use pseudodynamics, a mathematical model that estimates developmental processes from single-cell time series observations. Their report has been published in 'Nature Biotechnology'.
In their nucleus, stem cells* carry the DNA that is the blueprint for any organ or tissue. They are thus able to give rise to various cell types, such as skin cells or blood-forming cells. Depending on their type, the newly created cells perform specific tasks in the body. They proliferate, mature, age and finally die through apoptosis**. "We asked ourselves two questions," explains Prof. Fabian Theis, Director of the Institute of Computational Biology (ICB), Helmholtz Zentrum München and Professor of Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Technical University of Munich (TUM). "What factors determine the ultimate cell type, for example, whether a skin cell is formed? And how does the number of cells of one type develop in an organ so that, for instance, our immune system has the right number of T-cells? As both these questions are directly connected, we set out to answer them within a global model."
Such considerations are not new at the ICB. Using transcription, researchers at the Institute had already discovered how the formation of different types of blood cells from blood stem cells is regulated.*** They developed an algorithm called Diffusion Pseudotime, which enabled them to reconstruct which genes are expressed consecutively and how the developmental trajectories of the different cell types branch off. Thanks to the new mathematical model, the interpretation of such results will be greatly simplified in future.
Insights into points in time that are almost impossible to record in experiments
"We developed pseudodynamics as a new mathematical model in order to simulate the cells' destiny," reports David Fischer from the ICB, who is together with Anna Fiedler the co-first author of the study. "In the process, we also consider factors such as the size of a cell population and the changes it undergoes in a time series. This allows us to estimate the selection pressure and formation of new cells as parameters and to predict the developmental status at new points in time," Fischer says. "With our model, we can determine how cell proliferation and death are regulated at different stages of the complete developmental cycle and how strong this control system really is."
The research team, which included Prof. Theis, Dr. Jan Hasenauer (ICB), Prof. Heiko Lickert, Institute for Diabetes and Regeneration Research (IDR), Helmholtz Zentrum München, and PhD Rene Maehr, UMASS Medical School, University of Massachusetts, as well as the first two authors, conducted pseudodynamic tests with T-cells (cells of the immune system) and beta cells (pancreatic cells). Their tool describes both the proliferation and apoptotic rates of the cells. If many beta cells die, this leads to type 1 diabetes. "Mechanisms that induce proliferation and death are often difficult to differentiate, based on current data," explains Theis. He sees pseudodynamics as "the first tool of basic research that will allow vital questions facing biology to be examined at the single-cell level."
Further information
Original publication
Fischer D et al (2019): Inferring population dynamics from single-cell RNA-sequencing time series data. Nature Biotech, DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0088-0
Background
*Stem cells have the potential to generate all cell types in the human body. Some examples are embryonic stem cells that exist during the development of new life, adult stem cells found in organ systems and induced pluripotent stem cells created by reprograming adult body cells.
**During apoptosis, biochemical regulatory pathways ensure the death of targeted cells. This can be necessary in order to reduce the number of cells in a tissue or in order to remove damaged cells.
*** Algorithms provide insights into cell development
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As German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München pursues the goal of developing personalized medical approaches for the prevention and therapy of major common diseases such as diabetes mellitus and lung diseases. To achieve this, it investigates the interaction of genetics, environmental factors and lifestyle. The Helmholtz Zentrum München has about 2,300 staff members and is headquartered in Neuherberg in the north of Munich. Helmholtz Zentrum München is a member of the Helmholtz Association, a community of 18 scientific-technical and medical-biological research centers with a total of about 37,000 staff members. www.helmholtz-muenchen.de
The Technical University of Munich (TUM) is one of Europe's leading research universities, with around 550 professors, 41,000 students, and 10,000 academic and non-academic staff. Its focus areas are the engineering sciences, natural sciences, life sciences and medicine, combined with economic and social sciences. TUM acts as an entrepreneurial university that promotes talents and creates value for society. In that it profits from having strong partners in science and industry. It is represented worldwide with the TUM Asia campus in Singapore as well as offices in Beijing, Brussels, Cairo, Mumbai, San Francisco, and São Paulo. Nobel Prize winners and inventors such as Rudolf Diesel, Carl von Linde, and Rudolf Mößbauer have done research at TUM. In 2006 and 2012 it won recognition as a German "Excellence University." In international rankings, TUM regularly places among the best universities in Germany. www.tum.de/en/homepage
Contact for the media:
Communication Department, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg - Tel. +49 89 3187 2238 - E-Mail: presse@helmholtz-muenchen.de
Scientific contact:
Prof. Dr. Dr. Fabian Theis, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Tel. +49 89 3187-4030 - E-Mail: fabian.theis@helmholtz-muenchen.de
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